Category: Blog

Chemical equilibrium is a core topic in chemistry that explains the state in which the rates of forward and reverse reactions become equal, making it highly important for MDCAT, ECAT, NUST and FSC board exams. This chapter includes concepts such as reversible reactions, equilibrium constant (Kc and Kp), law of mass action, reaction quotient, and…

Thermochemistry is an important branch of chemistry that deals with the energy changes occurring during chemical reactions and is a high-scoring topic for MDCAT, ECAT, NUST and FSC board exams. It includes concepts such as system and surroundings, exothermic and endothermic reactions, enthalpy change, heat capacity, Hess’s law, and bond energy. A clear understanding of…

Chemical bonding is a key concept in chemistry that explains how and why atoms combine to form molecules, making it highly important for MDCAT, ECAT, NUST and FSC board exams. This chapter covers types of bonds such as ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding, electronegativity, bond energy, bond length, and molecular geometry based on VSEPR theory.…

Atomic structure is a fundamental chapter in chemistry that explains the composition and behavior of atoms, making it one of the most important topics for MDCAT, ECAT, NUST and FSC board exams. It includes the discovery of subatomic particles, atomic models, atomic number and mass number, isotopes, electronic configuration, and energy levels. A clear understanding…

States of matter is a core topic in chemistry that explains the physical forms of substances—gases, liquids, and solids—and is highly important for MDCAT, ECAT, NUST and FSC board exams. This chapter covers the kinetic molecular theory, properties of solids, liquids, and gases, intermolecular forces, diffusion, density, and gas laws such as Boyle’s law and…

Stoichiometry is a fundamental topic in chemistry that deals with the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions, making it extremely important for MDCAT, ECAT, NUST and FSC board exams. It includes concepts such as the mole, molar mass, Avogadro’s number, limiting reagent, percentage yield, and empirical and molecular formulas, which help students…

Experimental techniques in chemistry are essential for understanding how chemical principles are tested and verified in laboratories, making this topic highly important for MDCAT, ECAT, NUST and FSC board exams. It includes basic laboratory skills such as measurement of mass, volume, and temperature, use of common apparatus, accuracy and precision, significant figures, and safety rules.…

The fundamental concepts of chemistry form the foundation for understanding all chemical processes and are extremely important for entry tests like MDCAT, ECAT, NUST and FSC board exams. This topic covers basic ideas such as matter and its states, elements, compounds, mixtures, atoms, molecules, moles, and chemical reactions, which help students understand how substances are…

Reaction kinetics is a crucial chapter in chemistry that studies the speed of chemical reactions and the factors affecting them, making it highly important for MDCAT, ECAT, NUST and FSC board exams. This topic includes concepts such as rate of reaction, rate laws, order and molecularity of reactions, factors influencing reaction rates (temperature, concentration, catalysts,…