Generate Quiz 6889E494B24F6

Of all the halogens, fluorine has the highest electronegativity and the smallest atomic radius, which results in the highest bond energy. This indicates that fluorine can bind to carbon atoms in a very strong way that takes a lot of energy to break.

This reaction is known as the Hoffmann bromamide reaction mechanism, and it typically involves attacking the amide with an alkali that is a strong base. A primary amide can be changed into a primary amine with one fewer carbon atom using this reaction. Propionamide will therefore have one fewer C atom when it forms ethyl amine. KOH is caustic potash.

A nucleophilic substitution reaction occurs when a nucleophile takes the place of a halide group in an alkyl halide. It is electrophilic to use alkyl halides. When this electrophilic alkyl halide is attacked by the nucleophile, the halide group departs and is replaced by the nucleophile.

There are two different mechanisms through which nucleophilic substitution can occur: SN1 and SN2.

The alkyl halide first splits into a halide group and a carbocation in the SN1 type of reaction.

R-X —> R+ + X-

The carbocation then binds to the nucleophile.

R+ + Nu- —> R-Nu

The halide group departs and the nucleophile attacks at the same time in the SN2 type of reaction. Additionally, there is a transition state.

R-X plus Nu- —> [Nu-R+-X] —> Nu-R + X-

The E2 (Elimination Bimolecular) and SN2 (Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular) reactions are coordinated, one-step processes. In these reactions, the leaving group is directly displaced in a single step by the incoming base (for E2) or nucleophile (for SN2).

C is right because H3O+ has a single pair of electrons, but it is unable to donate them because of the positive charge. It does not function as a nucleophile as a result.

A molecule or material that has a propensity to donate electrons or react at electron-poor sites, like protons, is called a nucleophile. The electrophilic carbon can be attacked by OH- because it has extra electrons. It is therefore a nucleophile.

Polar aprotic solvents favor the SN2 reaction. While SN1 reactions are relatively slow in aprotic solvents, SN2 reactions proceed more quickly.

Since they lack hydrogen atoms bound to other electronegative atoms like O, N, and F, polar aprotic solvents are incapable of forming hydrogen bonds. Their protons are not acidic. Acetone, ethers, and chloroform are a few examples of polar aprotic solvents. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is an aprotic solvent that contains non-polar covalent bonds between carbon and chlorine.
Therefore, choice C is the right one.

b) Liquid: Depending on the particular solvent being used, SN2 reactions may or may not be favored in the liquid phase. The mechanism and rate of the reaction can be affected by the type of solvent used. For SN2 reactions, polar aprotic solvents like acetone or DMF are usually preferred.

The ease with which the alkyl halide exits the substrate determines its reactivity in the SN2 reaction. The leaving ability increases with the size of the halide ion. The order, according to the leaving ability, is I−>Br−>Cl−>F-. Because of the greater stability of the I-ion (due to its larger size), the reactivity order is RI > RBr > RCl > RF. Therefore, a nucleophile can readily displace an I ion.

In the SN1 mechanism’s initial step Ionization of the alkyl halide in the presence of ethyl alcohol or aqueous acetone is the initial step. A carbocation is provided as an intermediary in this step.